Business Process Reengineering Essay

Fundamental rethinking and radical design to achieve dramatic improvement in cost, quality, service and delivery (Hammer & Champy, 1993; Manganelli & Klein, 1994). It means that business process reengineering involves many steps that change the entire business process. This is done to reduce the cost of production of a product or service, increasing the quality, and satisfying customers by offering an excellent service and delivery. BPR can be done in four ways that are: i. Business transformation By using this way, the whole organization is changed. This includes the business process, business management and business strategies. ii. Redesign business process In this way, only the business processes are changed. Usually, the number processes will be reduced. The non value added processes are eliminated. iii. Business process change management This is the process for managing human/employee side of change. It includes the steps taken to change the management team or a project leader. iv. Redesign strategies and value added processes It means that the organization changes the business strategies and creates or improves their value added activities. Objectives of Business Process Reengineering (BPR) There are many objectives of business process reengineering. The main objective is of course to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the whole business. Listed below are the specific objectives of business process reengineering: i. To save time and cost Time can be saved once the non value added activities are removed from the process as there is fewer work process to be done. This will lead to cost saving as the cost incurred during the production will also decrease. As the cost decreases, the profit margin will be higher and it will lead to a greater income for the company. ii. To improve the quality of work By implementing business process reengineering, the fragmentation of work can be reduced. This is contributed by the fewer process involved in production. This will reduce the errors that occur in production as fewer machines or human are involved. The performance of the business process reengineering can be improved through feedback received by the users of the goods or services. iii. To satisfy customers This is also one of the objectives of implementing business process reengineering. Customers will always be the main priority. BPR will ease the customer in many ways. For instance, nowadays we no longer have to stand in a queue line while waiting to be served if we go to any bank as the number system had been introduced. This is one example of the contribution of business process reengineering for customers’ satisfaction. Advantages of Business Process Reengineering i. Lower cost Reengineering proves to be cost effective as the cost of operating after implementing BPR will decrease significantly. ii. Better use of existing staff The existing staff expertise can be retained enhance through training them at the point of implementation of BPR. iii. Increase effectiveness and efficiency As the employees are aware of the processes that they involve in that has been reduced, it also reduces the time lag between different process. Implementation of BPR Key Steps: Selection of strategic added value processes Simplify new process Once the engineering take place, organization should stop and execute the selection of idea from the above step. The top management cannot live in limbo between yes or no and what are going to do with the idea. Organize a team & workflow Assign responsibilities Train the process team Manager will act as a coaches for the workers as they do not orders but they will guide, direct, coordinate and empower the job to the workers. This involved the top management and subordinates in working together as a team. Critical success factors required to compete are identified and prioritized. Participative business makeovers reject the â€Å"top- down† approach to reengineering in favor of a middle ground, where the managers and workers come together to redesign business processes. The BPR team will be split into two parts, a design team made up of senior managers, and an execution team composed of people who will actually do the work Introduce the redesigned process These initiatives seek to provide understanding of the markets, competitors, and the position of the organization within the industry Implementation BPR Success factors Revising reward and motivation system New reward and incentive scheme must be revised as supporting BPR effort to encouraging people to endorse BPR such as introduce new job titles in order to motivate the workers to the new system implementation. The workers are a resource for an organization to manage the operation effectively. The BPR will successfully be implemented if the workers are highly motivated to the changes made. Effective communication It is needed throughout the changes process at all levels in order to ensure patience and understanding among all employees. Communication breakdown between top management and the workers tend to happen due to the significant changes in the new system. By improving a better way of communication could lead the company to successfully implemented BPR in the organization. Empowerment The organization should establish a culture which staff at all levels feel more responsible and accountable to their respective job scope. Empowerment will make the staff feel more appreciative of their work when the organization give them the authority which in other means recognized and appreciate their work towards the success of the organization. The staff also will be able to set their goals and monitor their own performance thus supporting the implementation of BPR. Management of risk BPR involves radical changes to several systems in organization. Continuous risk assessment is needed throughout the implementation process to ensure the BPR success. The calculation of risk will help the organization in decision making regarding BPR implementation. Aligning BPR strategy with corporate strategy As corporate strategy determines objectives and guidance on how the organizational capabilities can be best utilised to gain competitive position, BPR strategy guides the alteration of tasks into integrated process. It also must accompanied by strategic planning in order to be successful in the long run. Kaizen Costing Introduction Kaizen costing also has a Japanese heritage. It comes from the combination of the Japanese characters ‘kai’ and ‘zen’ which mean ‘change’ and ‘good,’ respectively. The word ‘Kaizen’ translates to ‘continuous improvement’ or ‘change for the better’ and aims to improve productivity by making gradual changes to the entire manufacturing process. Masaki Imai known as the â€Å"Lean Guru† and the father of Continuous Improvement (CI) Masaaki Imai has been a pioneer and leader in spreading the Kaizen philosophy all over the world. Understand Kaizen Costing To understand Kaizen costing, one first needs to grasp standard costing methodology. The typical standard costing approach works by designing a product first, and computing costs by taking into account material, labour and overhead. The resulting figure is set as the product cost. The standard cost is set and revised on a yearly basis. Cost deviation analysis involves checking to see whether the projected cost estimates tally with the final figures. Manufacturing procedures are assumed to be static. In example, approach centres around recognizing that employees who work on a particular job are aware of how that particular task can be greatly improved. Employees are treated as valuable sources of viable solutions, an approach that differs greatly from the standard cost system that views employees as labourers with variable performance levels. Goals In order to properly implement Kaizen principals for process improvement, there are four goals towards reaching successful implementation of Kaizen: 1. To ensure that actual production cost are less than the prior year cost. 2. To reduce the difference between profit estimates and target profits (every department in the company makes an effort to introduce operational changes on a daily basis). 3. Analyzing every part of the process and generating ideas on how they can be further improved. 4. Kaizen costing takes into account aspects such as time-saving strategies, employee efficiency and wastage reduction. Advantages Focus on customers Kaizen permits no middle ground its either you provide best products and customer satisfaction or not. All the activities should aim at providing customer with whatever he wants and should help the firm long term objective of customer’s satisfaction at the same time building up good relationship. It is a responsibility of each and every person working in a Kaizen company to make sure that the product is up to the mark and it satisfies customers need. Make improvements continuously In order to search for excellence just does not end. We should work on the improvement implemented and see if we can make it even more effective. Acknowledge problems openly Every company has certain problems related to finance, competition, change in demand etc. Kaizen companies are no exception, but by fostering an appropriately supportive, constructive culture it becomes easier for any team to get its problem in the open. The whole organization works as a team to solve the problem. The problems are openly shared by the management with the employees which avoids rumours. It simply means â€Å"FIGHT WITH YOUR PROBLEMS DON’T RUN AWAYFROM THEM†. Promote openness There seems to be less functional ring fencing i.e. only the senior managers have private cabins. Otherwise the workplace is generally open and in many companies even the dress code and canteen for everyone is the same Create work teams Each individual in a Kaizen company belongs to work team headed by a leader. Working in various overlapping teams draws employees into corporate life and reinforces the mutual understanding. Cross- functional teams Kaizen states that no individual or team has all the required skill and knowledge to complete a task. Cross-functional teams help in getting all the valuable information’s from the view of all the related people. It calls for letting ideas to flow as wide as running on moon. Disadvantages Reluctant to change Most employees do not like changes as it will lead them to a new style of working Too much suggestion may lead to confusion and time wastage. By giving the opportunities to help in getting all the suggestion from the view of all the related people, they may be confuse to focus what are the best way to follows and also required a lot of time in considering which ways is the beneficially to them. Real life example: A Case Study of New Kaizen Activities at Tahara plant (Toyota) This type of costing was used by Japanese automobile companies (Toyota). The assembly line at Tahara plant was reorganized in 1995 clearly following the new concept realized first at Toyota Kyushu. However it was the assembly section itself that conceived this new assembly line, taking the initiative in product design and reconstruction of the assembly line. It began in 1991 where the revision in 1995 of the Hilux Surf (sports utility) being assembled and the assembly of another sports utility (Land Cruiser Prado) from 1996 were planned. On the basis of discussions held in the Committee above mentioned, the director of this assembly plant suggested to his assembly section’s manager (section chief) to prepare the revision of this sports utility by searching for an ideal assembly line. He then started to conceive it and organize engineers, â€Å"try team† staff, chief leaders and group leaders so that everyone would collaborate in order to realize an ideal assembly line about which he did not have any clear conception. Then he fixed the orientation toward the reconstruction of his assembly line as follows: Construct an assembly shop where the workers can work easily and execute  their operations â€Å"rhythmically†; Organize a human centered Toyota Production System; Form a kaizen mind of everyone so that he/she willingly does kaizen. The section chief thought that if the assembly shop were organized in such a way, it would also contribute to increase production efficiency assuring quality and security, and then to reduce costs. There were many problems to solve, which necessitated the collaboration of the product manager of these models, Product Engineering Design Sections, Production Engineering Division as well as those of Araco and Hino (Araco designs the body of Land Cruiser Prado; Hino, that of Hilux Surf whereas Toyota develops their chassis). In fact, the conception of new assembly line could not be developed without modifying vehicle structures and parts designs of these models. Comparison between BPR and Kaizen approach. Re-engineering Kaizen Type of process Work best: cross organizational boundaries as complex interrelationship of variables. Work best: with well defined boundaries. Degree of change Incremental or radical and usually affect an entire integrated process. Incremental or radical but usually only affect a limited sub process at a time. Speed Generally implemented in a big bang changeover Generates immediately noticeable and measurable changes Acceptance High risk of things reverting back to the way they were soon after the consultants leave. Since the people that actually do the work are the ones making the changes – acceptance are very high. Cost Often involves expensive technologies, computers, and other system. Most â€Å"lean† changes are inexpensive or even free. Technology Reengineering project is often led by computer consultants. Most â€Å"lean† methods minimize or even eliminate reliance on technology with a preference toward visual methods and simplification. Similarities of Business Process Reengineering and Kaizen Approach i. They increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the way the organization operates. ii. These two approaches focus on lowering cost. iii. Customers’ satisfaction is always the goal for these two strategic management accounting approaches. Conclusion The Business Process Reengineering is the process of redesigning the business processes and the associated systems and organizational structures to achieve a dramatic change in the whole business process and performance. On the other hand, Kaizen is a small improvements and changes for a better for business process and performance. It must be accompanied by change of method. Business Process Reengineering is a â€Å"project† with a defined beginning and ending. Kaizen is a never ending process.

Internet Exercises Appendix Chapter 1

INTERNET EXERCISES APPENDIX Chapter 1: Marketing's Role in the Global Economy Internet Exercise: Wal-Mart You can check out the on-line shopping experience of Wal-Mart on the Web by going to www. wal-mart. com and clicking on â€Å"Go Shopping. † For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 8. Internet Exercise: ONSALE Auction Supersite The ONSALE Auction Supersite features a number of on-line auctions in which different sellers auction off computer, consumer electronics, and other products to buyers. Visit the web site at www. onsale. com and review an open auction for a consumer electronics product.What are the advantages and disadvantages of this market for sellers? For buyers? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 17. Internet Exercise: World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization is a very important force behind the global move toward free trade, but sometimes there are still disputes. Go to the WTO web site at www. wto. org and find out how the WTO settles disputes. Do you think that this procedure favors the developed nations, the less-developed nations, or neither? Give your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 22.Chapter 2: Marketing's Role within the Firm or Nonprofit Organization Internet Exercise: L. L. Bean The L. L. Bean web site (www. llbean. com) offers consumers a lot of information, including information about national parks. Do you think that this helps Bean to build relationships with its target customers? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 40. Internet Exercise: Lilly Lilly, the pharmaceutical company, makes the effort to be socially responsible. To find out more about Lilly’s corporate citizenship, go to the Lilly home page (www. lilly. om) and click on company information and then click on corporate citizenship. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 42. Chapter 3: Focusing Marketing Strategy with Segmentation and Positioning Internet Exercise: McDonald’s McDonald’s has about 22,000 restaurants in 109 countries. Go to its web site, www. mcdonalds. com, and determine what country is its largest market outside the U. S. Do you think it offers more or less opportunity for future growth than the U. S.? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 67. Internet Exercise: MarriottCourtyard by Marriott targets business travelers. Visit the Marriott web site, www. marriott. com, and write down what you think are the qualifying and determining dimensions for a businessperson choosing Courtyard over Marriott’s other hotel options. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 81. Chapter 4: Evaluating Opportunities in the Changing Marketing Environment Internet Exercise: Tupperware If you were a new marketing manager at Rubbermaid, you might be interested in finding out more about Tupperware, an important competitor in some markets.Wh at type of relevant information could you get by going to the Tupperware web site, (www. tupperware. com)? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 101. Internet Exercise: Consumer Reports The Consumer Product Safety Commission sometimes requires auto makers to issue recalls. However, not all consumers learn about the recalls. Go to the Consumer Reports web site (www. consumerreports. com/recalls) and check to see if there has been a recall on a year and model of car or truck that is of interest to you (say, one owned by your family). For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 110.Chapter 5: Demographic Dimensions of Global Consumer Markets Internet Exercise: CIA’s World Factbook Visit the web site for the CIA’s World Factbook (www. odci. gov/cia/publications/factbook) and compare the profile data for Canada and Australia. How are they similar and how are they different? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 133. Internet Exercise: JNCO Revatex grew rapidly when its wide-leg JNCO brand jeans became a hit with teens. Do you think that its web site (www. jnco. com) does a good job appealing to teens? Why? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 138.Chapter 6: Behavioral Dimensions of the Consumer Market Internet Exercise: SRI’s VALS Go to the SRI Internet site (http://future. sri. com), click on VALS, and then click on â€Å"direct to the survey† to review the VALS questionnaire. If you wish, complete the short questionnaire on-line. SRI will provide you with your VALS profile. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 164. Internet Exercise: GAP To make it easier for consumers to visualize how certain fashions will look together, the GAP’s web site (www. gap. com) has a â€Å"get dressed interactive† feature.Go the GAP web site and check out this feature. Do you think that it makes it easier to evaluate a potential purch ase? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 173. Chapter 7: Business and Organizational Customers and Their Buying Behavior Internet Exercise: Computer Discount Warehouse At the Computer Discount Warehouse web site (www. cdw. com) a buyer can easily compare the features and prices of competing products. Click on desktop computers and then on the CDW Compare feature to do a comparison of two â€Å"high end† computers from two different manufacturers.How helpful would this analysis be if you were a computer buyer? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 187. Internet Exercise: Thomas Register The Thomas Register has a very comprehensive database of firms at its web site (www. thomasregister. com). Click on search and it will prompt you to register. After you register (it’s free), search by product/service on the keyword welding. How could the information provided by your search help you if you sold a product that was used by fir ms in the welding industry? How could it help you if you were a buyer looking for a supplier of welding products?For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 199. Chapter 8: Improving Decisions with Marketing Information Internet Exercise: Yahoo Assume that your boss has asked you to do a customer satisfaction survey. As part of a situation analysis, you want to get ideas about what others have done in this area. Go to the web site for the Yahoo search engine (www. yahoo. com). In the dialogue box type â€Å"customer satisfaction survey† (include the quote marks) and click on search. Look at some of the web sites identified. How helpful is this ?How could it be improved? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 222. Internet Exercise: Perseus Perseus Development Corporation sells software that allows a user to create on-line questionnaires that can be distributed by e-mail or used on the Internet. To see samples of on-line questions, go to the Perseus web site (www. perseus. com) and then click on Survey Samples. Do you think that it’s more convenient for a consumer to complete a survey on-line or with pencil and paper? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 227.Chapter 9: Elements of Product Planning for Goods and Services Internet Exercise: Procter & Gamble Go to the Procter & Gamble web site (www. pg. com) and click on P&G Products. Find out the brand names of the different shampoos that P&G makes. How are the different brands positioned and what target markets do they appeal too? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 259. Internet Exercise: FDA The FDA’s web site has a page on the new food label requirements that proclaims â€Å"grocery store aisles have become avenues to greater nutritional knowledge. Go to that page at Internet address (www. fda. gov/opacom/backgrounders/foodlabel/newlabel. html) and review the actual label requirements. Do you use this information in deciding what products to buy? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 262. Chapter 10: Product Management and New-Product Development Internet Exercise: WebTV A number of software, hardware, and programming firms are working on products that deliver Internet information via TV. Explore the WebTV web site (www. webtv. com) to find out about one aspect of this idea.Do you think that many people will be interested in quickly adopting WebTV? How does it stack up when you consider the characteristics of an innovation reviewed above? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 275. Internet Exercise: Marketing Intelligence Service Marketing Intelligence Service, Ltd. is a U. S. -based firm that tracks new consumer packaged goods–both successes and failures. Go to its web site (ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/mktgintelsvc) and click on the What’s New button and then review its selections for new product innovations of the year.Do you think that these products offer customers superior value, or are they just me-too imitations? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 283. Chapter 11: Place and Development of Channel Systems Internet Exercise: Gateway Gateway is a computer company that uses direct distribution to its customers in the U. S. Go to the Gateway web site (www. gateway. com) and think about how it is organized. Given that Gateway doesn’t use different channels of distribution to reach different types of customers, how does it segment the market?For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 301. Internet Exercise: Avon Avon sells cosmetics and other products through independent sales representatives (agents) and also though a catalog (both on-line and printed). Review the Avon web site (www. avon. com). Do you think that Avon’s independent sales representatives would view the web site as competing for their customers’ purchases and a source of conflict or would they think that it helps them promote the product and identify new prospects? Explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 317.Chapter 12: Distribution Customer Service and Logistics Internet Exercise: Virtual Logistics Directory Large corporations often turn to other firms that specialize in logistics–transportation and warehousing services, consultants, developers of computer systems, and the like–to help implement the physical distribution aspects of their marketing strategies. The web site of the Virtual Logistics Directory (www. logisticdirectory. com) lists many logistics specialists and what they do. Go to the web site and select the Integrated Logistics category.Review the descriptions of some of the firms listed, and then pick one. Explain why a large corporation with a logistics problem might seek its help rather than just trying to tackle the problem internally. For related discussion in th e Basic Marketing text, see page 329. Internet Exercise: North Carolina Ports Authority A firm that is just starting to export to international markets may want help figuring out what shipping services are available. The North Carolina Ports Authority’s web site (www. ncports. com) helps provide such information.Go to the web site, select Port Services, and review the different firms and agencies that might be able to provide you with help if you had to ship a large quantity of furniture to the Middle East. Identify an organization from those listed that you might want to contact first, and indicate why. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 334. Chapter 13: Retailers, Wholesalers, and Their Strategy Planning Internet Exercise: INTERSHOP INTERSHOP Communications develops and sells software that companies use to create â€Å"virtual stores† for Internet retailing.For example, it allows a seller to create an on-line catalog that is easy for consume rs to use and it has tools for analyzing sales and keeping track of customers. Go to the firm’s web site (www. intershop. com) and select Products. Review the information provided. (If your computer is equipped to view RealVideo video, you might also want to watch the demo. ) Do you think it would be easier for consumers if all Internet sellers used a common system, such as this one, rather than coming up with many different arrangements? Briefly explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 359.Internet Exercise: Fastenal Visit the Fastenal web site (www. fastenal. com). Check out the different aspects of the Fastenal web site. Give examples of ways that the web site is intended to help Fastenal’s customers and suppliers. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 370. Chapter 14: Promotion–Introduction to Integrated Marketing Communications Internet Exercise: Sony Sony produces a very wide variety of prod ucts. Does the information available on the web site (www. sony. com) appear to be part of an integrated marketing communications effort? Explain your thinking.For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 386. Internet Exercise: Campbell’s Soup Visit the Campbell’s Soup web site (www. campbellsoup. com). Does the web site make it easy for you to get information? Does it make you want to spend more time and get more information? Explain your answer. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 395. Chapter 15: Personal Selling Internet Exercise: Motivating Tape Company The Motivating Tape Company sells various sales training videos. Go to the firm’s web site at www. achievement. com and then scroll down and select Sales Training.Review the list of sales training videos offered. If a sales manager were going to rely on some of these tapes for training people just moving into a sales career, what key areas of sales training would he have to cover by some other approach? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 427. Internet Exercise: Symantec Symantec is the maker of various software products, including ACT! personal management software that is used by many salespeople to organize information about their customers, sales calls, and tasks they need to do. Visit the ACT! web site (www. ymantec. com/act) for information about this product. Give a few specific examples of ways that a salesperson could use ACT! to build better relationships with customers. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 431. Chapter 16: Advertising and Sales Promotion Internet Exercise: NarrowCast Media NarrowCast Media is an Internet firm that provides services for firms that want to advertise on the Internet and also for web sites that host Internet advertising. Go to its web site (www. narrowcastmedia. com) and read about NarrowCast Media’s various services.Briefly describe the main benefit s it provides for advertisers and the main benefits it provides for host sites. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 455. Internet Exercise: Catalina Marketing Catalina Marketing Corporation is a supplier of in store, electronic scanner activated consumer promotions. Go to the Catalina web site (www. catalinamktg. com) and select Manufacturer Solutions, then review information about its Sampling Programs. Briefly describe, in your own words, how the sampling program works and describe a situation in which a manufacturer might find it useful.For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 468. Chapter 17: Pricing Objectives and Policies Internet Exercise: International Currency Converter Xenon Laboratories has set up a web site with a system that uses current exchanges rates to convert one country’s currency to another. Go to the web site (www. ausmall. com. au), scroll down to the reference section, and click on International Currency Conv erter. How much is a $100 U. S. worth now in Thai bhats, British pounds, and German marks? How do those number compare with June of 1998 (See Exhibit 17-6)?For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 486. Internet Exercise: ValuPage Catalina, a firm that specializes in targeted sales promotions, set up an on-line system called â€Å"ValuPage. † Consumers can print out a sheet with a list of discounts that sponsoring supermarkets redeem with â€Å"web bucks†Ã¢â‚¬â€œwhich the consumer can then use for any future purchase at the store. Go to the web site (www. supermarkets. com), enter your zip code, and review the system. Do you think this system will be more or less susceptible to fraud than regular coupons? Explain your thinking.For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 492. Chapter 18: Price Setting in the Business World Internet Exercise: Sporting Auction Evergreen Information Technology launched an Internet auction site for many d ifferent categories of sporting goods. Go to the auction web site (www. sportingauction. com) and review the activities in two auction categories, one for a sport that is in season and another sport that is not. For example, you might compare snowboarding and golfing. Do you think that season makes a difference in the bidding activity? Explain your thinking.For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 524. Internet Exercise: Tiffany Tiffany & Co. is widely recognized as one of the world’s premiere jewelers. It commands high prices for what it offers. Go the Tiffany web site (www. tiffany. com) and review the different sections. Do you think that the web site communicates superior customer value to the Tiffany target market? Explain your opinion and point to specific aspects of the web site that support your view. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 528. Chapter 19: Implementing and Controlling Marketing Plans: Evolution and RevolutionI nternet Exercise: BaRaN Systems BaRaN Systems Ltd. has developed a software product called SQC for Excel that works with the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program and makes it easy to do the types of analysis that are useful for quality management. Go to its web site (www. baran-systems. com) and click on the link for SQC for Excel and then at that web page scroll down and look at the â€Å"quick tour† section. What is it about the graphs that makes it easy to see which areas need special attention? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 544. Internet Exercise: CopernicusCopernicus: The Marketing Investment Strategy Group has developed a comprehensive procedure, The Copernican Decision Navigator, that its consultants have used as the basis for performing marketing audits for many major corporations. The procedure determines if the firm is using â€Å"best practices† in planning and implementing its strategies. Go the Copernicus web site (www. copern icusmarketing. com), scroll down to the items under â€Å"about Copernicus,† and select the link for Marketing Best Practices. Review what is involved in the Copernicus procedure. What are the advantages of having outside experts do this sort of audit?For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 562. Chapter 20: Managing Marketing's Link with Other Functional Areas Internet Exercise: Cductive CDuctive offers an on-line service in which the customer selects certain tracts of music and, for a fee, CDuctive will create a custom CD of those selections. Explore the CDuctive web site (www. cductive. com), and then list what you think are the major (1) strengths and (2) weaknesses of its approach. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 578. Internet Exercise: ITW ITW, Inc. has a variety of different businesses that produce different products.Go to the ITW web site (www. itwinc. com) and then select the list of other ITW web sites. After you brie fly review the descriptions of ITW’s different web sites, select ITW Brands and study it in more detail. From a cost standpoint, does it make sense to have a unit like ITW Brands? Why or why not? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 581. Chapter 21: Developing Innovative Marketing Plans Internet Exercise: Survey of Buying Power The Survey of Buying Power has an on-line site that is available on a pay-for-use basis. However, a sample section is available without charge.Go to the web site (www. sbponline. com) and select Samples and then select Samples of Site97. Look at the Income Trend Report (and others if you wish). How would this information be helpful to a retail chain that is considering a new facility for this sample market? For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 604. Internet Exercise: Maytag Go to the Maytag web site (www. maytag. com) and review the information about the Neptune line. Do you see any indication that the st rategy for Neptune is changing from what is described in the case that introduces this chapter? Explain your point of view.For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 614. Chapter 22: Ethical Marketing in a Consumer-Oriented World: Appraisal and Challenges Internet Exercise: Ikea Ikea is an innovative furniture company that is using its web site to refine its strategy. It has always relied on information technology to keep costs low by tracking sales at individual stores and using the information to control inventory and reduce shipping costs between the factory, distribution centers, and its massive retail stores. Go to the Ikea web site (www. ikea. com). What else does the web site tell you about Ikea’s strategy?Will the web site help Ikea offer superior value? Explain your answer. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 629. Internet Exercise: Obvious Implementations Obvious Implementations Corp. is a small consulting and manufacturing firm. Go to its web page (www. obviously. com) and then select How to stop junk mail, e-mail and phone calls. Read through the information and, if you wish, follow some of the links to other sites listed. Should it be easier to avoid mail, e-mail, and calls you don’t want? Explain your thinking. For related discussion in the Basic Marketing text, see page 636.

What Would You Do with a Million Dollars?

What would you do with a million dollars? The amount of money that will pass through your hands over a working lifetime is incredible. For example, if you work 40 years and earn only an average of $25,000 per year, you will have made $1 million even without salary increases due to inflation. The average family in America earns nearly $50,000 per year. You are likely to earn over $2 million dollars in yourlifetime! What will you do with your millions? Many older people have spent it all. Is that what you will do? What do you want to do with your money? First, you need to decide what you want. Create your dream list. This is your first step in spending your millions. Your dreams are what you want to do, to own or to become. The biggest reason capable people don’t realize their dream is that they see themselves in terms of what they lack: lack of money, lack of time, lack of ability, lack of opportunity, lack of support from family. Once you have determined where you are going and what you want to do in life, the things you now see yourself lacking you will find along the path of life. A bar of gold only a few yards ahead of you is out of your reach as long as you choose to remain stuck where you are. Your dreams list will get you unstuck and allow you to see possibilities and opportunities instead of roadblocks and problems. Of course, it is mentally easier to attempt to avoid disappointment by not wanting much. Remember, those who ask little from life always get what they ask for—little or nothing. Dream big dreams. President Kennedy said we should go to the moon not because it would be easy, but because it would be hard.

What do Ain't I a Woman and Address to the People of the Free States Essay

What do Ain't I a Woman and Address to the People of the Free States by the President of the Southern Confederacy tell us about the divisions between people in United States during the 1860s - Essay Example Division between black and white people was on the basis that, black people were considered slaves while white people were considered citizens. Black people at that time did not enjoy any individual rights as citizens they were property to be owned. However, white people were full citizens with rights, and they owned black people as their own property. Davis in his speech said â€Å"†¦.in the Southern Confederacy†¦.slaves and their children†¦.considered as property†. Truth said, â€Å"†¦negroes of the South†¦are talking about rights†. The division caused white people to see black people as being lesser of humans and thus making them properties and slaves. Ethnicity and hatred, between blacks and white escalated due to the division among them (Rodriguez 110). Women during the 1860s fought to have same rights as men did. In this case, both black and white women suffered. White women were oppressed in the South with their husbands same as the way Negroes were also oppressed in the South. Women together with Negroes were denied rights because of they were less educated. Truth says â€Å"a man in black†¦says women cannot have rights as men†. The division caused women to be seen as the weaker sex in capable of doing duties on their own. On the women side, they started fighting to have same rights as men and overcome male chauvinism (Rodriguez 105). The division between the people living in Northern and Southern United States came as a result of declaring slavery to be illegal in the Northern part of the United States. Abraham Lincoln declared slaves to be free in the all the Northern states in America. This made the Southerners separate with the Northerners since in the South slavery was still legal. According to Davis â€Å"..Lincoln has declared that slaves†¦may be incorporated in the Army and Navy†. Truth asserts that â€Å"the negroes in the South†¦women, in the North, talk about rights†. The division between the South

Cultural Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Issues - Essay Example The cultural variety today becomes a very significant issue in the research field of international relations, first of all for the best understanding of laws of social life, an organization of statehood and management in complex communities, prevention and resolution of conflicts. There is no doubt that cultural factor is obviously present in the modern policy of international relations. Robert Garson (â€Å"extra information†) states: â€Å"issues of culture, rights, and justice drive international relations and international politics in a certain direction†. Moreover, according to Garson, culture is very important because: The cultural variety today becomes a very significant issue in the research field of international relations, first of all for the best understanding of laws of social life, an organization of statehood and management in complex communities, prevention and resolution of conflicts. There is no doubt that cultural factor is obviously present in the mo dern policy of international relations. Robert Garson (â€Å"extra information†) states: â€Å"issues of culture, rights, and justice drive international relations and international politics in a certain direction†. Moreover, according to Garson, culture is very important because:†¢ â€Å"It is the key to our social and ultimately individual identity†;†¢ â€Å"if to look at the rhetoric of international politics, that rhetoric is actually wrapped up in cultural phrases. People talk of themselves as being French or Tanzanian or American, they use these identities†;†¢ â€Å"culture is actually one of the organizing principles of most political communities†.For the first time, the question on cultural variety arises in world politics after the First World War I when the countries-winners have formulated the doctrine of self-determination on an ethnocultural basis as the mechanism of the abolition of imperial states of Austria-Hungary, O ttoman Turkey, Imperial Germany and Imperial Russia. A certain formula of "national self-determination" gradually began to gain a foothold as the international norm of state formation.  There was an idea that the society should be culturally homogeneous.

Health psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health psychology - Essay Example She is overweight, which is likely to be the contributing factor to her obesity. She is being regularly seen by her GP for monitoring. Her GP has recommended a change of diet and an increase in activity in order to manage her diabetes without being overly dependent on insulin injections. No improvements in Andrea’s condition were however seen. The GP suspects that she is not complying with his advice. Andrea however claims that she has changed her eating habits and has resorted to walking instead of taking the bus to work every day. Historical and conceptual background of the problem The issue of diabetes was first seen about 1550BC when an Egyptian papyrus described a disease which can cause a person to rapidly lose weight and to urinate frequently (Diabetes.uk, 2011). More references to this disease were seen in other ancient societies, including the Greeks, where they speak of a disease which manifests with excessive thirst, excessive urination, and loss of weight. Aretaeus , a Greek physician, named the disease â€Å"diabetes,† a word which means â€Å"flowing through† (Diabetes.uk, 2011). During the 19th century, more tests were developed which made it possible to test the presence of excess sugar in the urine. Attempts at treating this disease were attempted but were initially unsuccessful. During the Franco-Prussian War, a treatment which primarily involved a restricted diet was implemented and this diet seemed to be effective in managing the disease (Diabetes.uk, 2011). Microscopic studies by Philip Langerhans around this time also helped identify the tiny cell islands in the pancreas. Barron, in the 1920s related Langerhan’s cells to diabetes. Insulin was also identified and linked with the pancreas and diabetes. The treatment of this disease has improved significantly since then (Diabetes.uk, 2011). However, it remains one of the most difficult and delicate diseases to manage in health care. It has been known to cause variou s health complications, including organ damage and heart disease. Diet is said to be one of the major contributors to the rising rates of diabetes in the population. This diet is largely based on a high fat, high cholesterol, and high carbohydrate diet found in the foods currently consumed by the general population. Unhealthy diets often cause the increase of glucose in the blood—more than what the insulin can carry and bring to the pancreas for processing (Leslie and Robbins, 1995). Moreover, researchers have also established the condition known as endoplasmic reticulum stress triggered by a high fat diet. This stress causes the increased production of glucose in the liver which is a crucial step towards insulin resistance (Salk Institute, 2009). A major concern in the food industry and in health is the fact that more and more people prefer to eat in fast foods. These fast food chains sell foods which are high in fat, in sodium, and in carbohydrate content, thereby increasin g the prevalence of obesity in the general population (VOA News, 2005). Many working professionals who are too busy to go home and cook home cooked and healthy meals are also opting for fast foods. Andrea is no doubt one of these individuals who have been drawn into this type of diet. She occupies a managerial position which likely leaves room for healthy eating which also implies her indulgence in fast foods for her regular meals. The diabetes issue in Andrea’

Choose from the 3 available topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Choose from the 3 available topics - Essay Example Despite the changes adopted in the representation structure, the policies used for women differ from that used in men. Men are given the chance to fight out with fellow men for the different representation position while women benefit from quota systems in which parties reserve special positions for them. The application of the principle of reservation and quota system has enabled women to represent the specific interest of their gender in the house. In Mala Htun article ‘is gender like ethnicity’, the idea behind the formation of group specific parties is evaluated. The author also looks at the dynamics involved in reserving seats using the quota system for women and the reservation of legislative seats for the minority groups (Htun 434). Different countries have different policies on representation and the use of reservation and quotas for special groups like women and ethnic minority. This system applies to all democratic situations whether completely religious like M uslim or catholic state, developed and developing countries among other identities. Most countries have legal requirements for this representation and this highlights the approach adopted by such countries when reserving different seats for its people. Countries that lack legal basis for reservation and quotas have different political arrangement, which allows for fair representation in parties and representative posts. The United States lacks a legal framework for representation of the minority or the women but uses a race conscious districting system that gives room for fair representation of all the races (Htun 434). In mature electoral democracies, states reserve special quotas within the political parties for women and legislative seats for the ethnic minority. The use of quotas and cleavages has been approached with a traditional perspective that fails to look at the implications and benefits of these representations. The author argues that the use of candidate quotas can only be significant within groups that have cross cutting interest while legislative reservation should be allocated to groups that have coinciding interests. Under the principle of use of quota for political party reservation, the law requires a specific number of slots to be left for women candidates during nomination. This is common in most democracies in which the law may require that a third of positions in all areas be reserved to women and that the ranking within these positions should alternate with men. The principle of quota system has significantly affected parties decisions and individuals picked to represent parties in certain districts (Dahlerup 214). The use of representation however affects the entire demography of an electoral system as it result into the creation of new electoral incentives and rules. These results into the creation of more than one set of electoral roll with special districts reserved for the minority groups. Under these principles, a party seeks to h ave a certain group of people who are subjected to a different set of conditions to be elected to the legislature (Htun 434). Strengths and weaknesses of the author’s arguments In this paper, the author attempts to highlight the differences between the types of presentations that border on the quota system and the representation within the legislature. Through this article, the author has critically highlighted the

Critical introduction to law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critical introduction to law - Essay Example Poe takes a unique approach to the detective story and takes the reader from the end of the mystery to the beginning. By taking this approach, Poe presents an exercise in logical reasoning.3 Certainly, Poe’s The Purloined Letter has been the subject of considerable attention by literary critics, jurists and even psychoanalytical evaluation since its publication in 1845.4 Essentially, Poe masterfully interjects what is described as the â€Å"hermeneutic enterprise† by taking the meaning attached to a concealed item and revealing its meaning and significance.5 In this regard, the power of logic reasoning is explored and the struggle is therefore not between a criminal and law enforcement as is typical of detective fiction, but within the human mind. This paper will offer a critique of The Purloined Letter by first setting out the relevant historical factors and secondly, by presenting a synopsis of the text and commentary by critics on the text. I. Historical Background C ommentary inserted under The Purloined Letter in a collection of Poe’s works titled Thirty-Two Stories, notes that there were more significant and drastic changes in Western countries during Poe’s lifetime than at any other â€Å"brief period in human history†.6 Technological advances in communications, transportation, photography and other technologies occurred and had an â€Å"impact within Poe’s short life†.7 The commentary further notes that: Industrialization and other aspects of modernized society tore apart traditional assumptions and altered the structure of families, the nature of work, and the â€Å"feel† of life itself.8 These changes brought with them a threat to conventions in which artist perceived that they had special authority and were knowledgeable. However, changes brought about by advances in technology significantly reduced the special power and knowledge attributed to artists. The artists were reduced to a creator of pu re entertainment or beauty. In The Purloined Letter, Poe challenges these perceptions and promotes the wider significance of the artist. For instance the Prefect of Police may have a narrowly defined job, but the artist is not so narrowly defined. The systematic investigative techniques of the Perfect of Police fall short of the criteria necessary for finding the purloined letter.9 The fact is the Prefect of Police needs Dupin who is not only educated and experienced but also happens to be an artist: a poet. As the commentary notes: The Purloined Letter can be read as Poe’s version of that argument one sees in so many Romanic authors: the world needs â€Å"inspired† artists for their power and their wisdom.10 It is against this background that Poe’s The Purloined Letter is examined and critiqued. While Poe is said to have been defending the role of the artists in a rapidly changing world, it has also been suggested that Poe was demonstrating the flaws associated with humanity and institutions. An examination of the text will bear this out. II. Synopsis and Analysis of The Purloined Letter A. Synopsis The Purloined Letter centres around a letter that is presumably damaging although the contents of the letter are not revealed. The letter is presumably from a secret lover and was sent to the queen. Both

Gathering Information in Marketing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gathering Information in Marketing - Term Paper Example The macro trend analysis involves an understanding of the market environment in six areas and these include the demographic environment, socio-cultural, technological, natural, economic and regulatory. Information from this analysis will show the big picture of the market and what to expect when moving in such a market (BPP, 2010, p. 55). After a careful analysis of the market it is important to consider the industry in which the organization is located and this is important in order to know its attractiveness. Porters five forces model is one of the most used models in examining an industry attractiveness. It begins with an analysis of rivalry among the present competitors, and then examines the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of buyers and the threat of substitute products. All this provide relevant information concerning the industry an organization is thinking of venturing into. After understanding the market and the industry it is important to estimate the market demand and market growth (BPP, 2010, pp. 55-60). Market demand therefore represents what all of the buyers within a market are willing and able to buy at alternative prices during a given time period, holding all demand determinants constant. This is affected by many factors which include: individual preferences and tastes, buyer expectations, income, complementary goods and substitute goods (Mullins & Walker, 2010, p.70). Three techniques have been put forward for estimating market demand and these include consumer surveys, consumer focus groups and market experiments. Market growth on the other hand can be estimated by examining historical records and extrapolating the results into the future (McGuigan, Moyer, & Harris, 2011). Memorandum Sanitex has continued with its presence in west London commanding a big proportion of the market. With its continued presence in the market it is continuing to expand and may just cover the whole of London. The est imated market size of Sanitex can be seen as small because of the limited number of potential customers that use pest control products. The diversification of the company’s product portfolio into other areas such as carpet cleaning and distribution of sanitary products should increase the market size. It is difficult to estimate the size of the company’s market but the following sources could be used by Sanitex to find out the approximate size of its market. These sources include: customer surveys, government data such as census data and trade associations. The current demand for Sanitex products is still low and this is because of the following reasons: first is because Sanitex is still not known and therefore the existence of strong competitors reduces the demand of Sanitex products. Secondly is the one product that has been on their portfolio. The company has tried to publicise itself making it known to the greater London and therefore the demand of their products i s likely to increase because of the increased market size. The improved product portfolio will also work to their advantage as it will increase demand because of the uniqueness of their services. Customer Satisfaction Organizations find it difficult to manage customer’s satisfaction efficiently. There are many tools that are employed in measuring customer satisfaction and each method has to be defined appropriately in order to meet desired norms. There are two primary ways of measuring custome

Leventhals Illness Dimensions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leventhals Illness Dimensions - Essay Example People by use of their common sense search for the meaning of somatic events and tend to attribute these events to a specific cause. According to Taylor, (1999), the presence of symptoms and also how a person interprets them affect his/her behavior. Equally important are the attributions which the person makes out of the symptoms being experienced. Research has shown that majority of the people seeking medication on not so serious symptoms are later diagonised to suffer from depression related illnesses. The explanation here is that the people interpret the symptoms to mean presence of physical diseases. Leventhal proposed five dimensions of illness in which illness experiences are organized. The five dimensions are: control and curability. Cause, Timeline, consequences and identity (Leventhal, Benyamini, Brownlee, Diefenbach, M. Leventhal, Miller, L., & Robitaille, 1997). A patient's perceptions of how they can control an illness and the possible out come changes their behavior. When administering treatment for illness perceptions the goal should be to influence behavior. In the (Development and Diversity. Vol. 4) it is noted that illness representations affect the measure a patient will take in order to adapt to an illness as his/her emotional responses. To adapt a patient may use escape-avoidance mechanisms and wishful thinking. This, illustrates that it is crucial for clinicians to examine individuals coping In reg

Service recovery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Service recovery - Essay Example The first thing that a service provider should do is take the whole responsibility for the breakdown (hope and Muhlemann). For example, instead of saying, â€Å"It was not our fault†, he should say, â€Å"We are sorry and we shall see what we can do.† Apologies are a very important part of system recovery. He should make the customer feel that he is being understood and will be attended. Next, he should take immediate actions to solve the problem, and should call back the customer every now and then so that he does not feel that he is being kept waiting. If the client is too hard, the provider can use sentences like, â€Å"What can we do to make you comfortable?† How a provider deals with a difficult client is very important for a successful service recovery. A follow up call is very central after the system has been recovered to help maintain the stability of the relationship with the client. Works Cited Fitzsimmons, James A., and Mona J. Fitzsimmons. Service Ma nagement: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology. USA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2006. Hope, Christine, and Alan Muhlemann. Service Operations Management: Strategy, Design, and Delivery. USA: Prentice Hall, 1997.

Video games’ good and bad effects Essay Example for Free

Video games’ good and bad effects Essay Many wonder if there are any good things about video games. The question becomes even more prominent when you think about children and teens, who might spend more time playing video games than going outside. And then there are adults who develop video game addictions. Sometimes these addictions could lead to problems with employment, relationships and other aspects of life. However, despite all these things, I still say there are many good things about video games, regardless of who is playing. True, while everyone needs to have a life beyond the Xbox, video game entertainment is generally very positive. Through video gaming, you develop the following: 1) Eye-Hand Coordination When youre thinking about some of the good things associated with video games, this tops the list. This is particularly the case for young children, who still need to develop their motor skills. Interaction with the controller teaches them how to coordinate their movements. 2) Fitness Thanks to the Wii, the Xbox Kinect and similar devices, video games can be controlled by more complex body movements. If this is done over a long period of time, video games can actually help a person lose weight. In fact, there are even games dedicated to fitness. They offer the same workout as any aerobics class. 3) Problem-Solving Skills Many games on the market will not let you progress unless you solve a puzzle. How the puzzle manifests itself will depend on the title, but most are designed to test a persons deductive reasoning. 4) Improved Reading Although the reading is not as intense as a book, it is still more detailed than what you see on television. Bad things Video games can be bad for you, but not for the reasons you might think. Theyre not bad for you because theyll make you violent — because they wont. However they can be bad for you for other reasons. Heres a look at the top 5 reasons why video games can be bad for you. Addiction is defined as The condition of being habitually or compulsively occupied with or involved in something. †  Anyone who has really been into video games has experienced this. Kids and adults alike think about getting home and playing games. They also spend a great deal of time reading gaming magazines, participating in online gaming forums, looking for future game releases, and of course, spending countless hours playing games. When they arent doing any of these things, theyre wishing they were. It cost a lot of money to stay current with the latest video games and hardware (console and/or computer). Many gamers spend all of their money on gaming. For example, its not uncommon for a gamer to have 50-100 games that cost $40-$50 each. They also often have at least 2 different game consoles and 1 high-end PC. This can easily add up to thousands of dollars a year to maintain a typical gamers habits. Theres often a direct correlation with the amount of time spent playing video games, and the amount of time spent engaging in a quality relationship. In the most extreme example I could find, there was a couple that was so consumed with playing video games that they ended up neglecting their 3 children — to the point that they were malnourished, naked, and covered in their own feces. Although thats an extreme case, I still think theres something to be said about people who spend the majority of their free time playing video games. My guess is that theyre probably not dating or pursuing a meaningful relationship in their free time. Update: A reader brought to my attention an online group dedicated to loved ones who have been affected by their partners addiction to World of WarCraft (WoW). Their description includes the following Do you have a loved one that plays World of Warcraft so much that you feel like you are a widow? This group isnt just for wives, but for anyone, husbands, girl or boyfriends, mothers, fathers, sons or daughters, or anyone that has had a relationship effected by this addictive game. Avid gamers are similar to people who smoke a lot of marijuana — in that they dont get much done. Reading a good book, taking care of bills, writing an article, inventing something, mowing the lawn, etc are simply not a priority when it comes to getting to the next level or finishing a game. Many gamers have things they would like to do in life, but they never get around to it, because they spend so much of their time playing games. Then, when they do have time to work on one of their projects, theyre too tired to do it, because they stayed up till 3am playing a game. Instead of taking a trip, mountain biking, or hanging out with friends at a cafe, gamers spend their time in a virtual reality. Whereas real life experiences bear long lasting friendships and memories, videos games do not. The only pictures that come from video games are screenshots, and the memories that are created from playing those games are ultimately meaningless. Living means interacting, growing, learning, teaching, and loving — none of which can be accomplished in the virtual wasteland of video games.

Conceptual Framework For Research Sociology Essay

Conceptual Framework For Research Sociology Essay ABSTRACT This study focuses on the empowerment of women through various programmes and schemes in the region, country and across the world sponsored and supported by Government or non Government Organizations. This article consists of review of literature on womens empowerment through various programmes. Womens empowerment is an age old concept spotlighting improving the economic status of women and thorough participation for the development of economy. Existing historical data and status of various programmes provides better scenario for stepping in upward direction. Here the study emphasizes from the concept of women empowerment to the empirical evidences taken from various analysis, past surveys, Government Reports and literature available on it. Main aim of reviewing womens empowerment practices bring together the aspect of viewed and neglected parts of empowering women which fulfils the need of implementation of schemes, reach at them in a proper manner after covering the lacking parts. Keywords: Empowerment, Women, Programmes, Conceptual, Empirical INTRODUCTION Empowerment of women is not only limited till the term empowerment applies to the women or special group of women in particular area but also it means to develop them in all dimensions. Here the main concern towards development of women. Study starts not only from that there is strong need for womens empowerment today but why they need empowerment first. Answer of this could be sometime conflicting if there is one suppressed group, really need empowerment whether this could be men or women. A framework for the study based on the ideas and concepts gleaned from existing literature helps a researcher to plan and manage research in a comprehensive manner. Existing literature also helps to know the previous research work done in particular expanse and it acts like a torch as well as backbone for new studies for new researchers. All the researches are exploratory in nature as these carried out in ever-changing environment. Here an attempt is made to put some of the closely related literature review under two major heads. Conceptual framework for Research Empirical framework for Research Conceptual framework for Research In Conceptual framework for research, problem statement can be casted within the context of conceptual or theoretical framework. A conceptual framework is described as a set of broad ideas and principles taken from relevant fields of enquiry and used to structure a subsequent presentation (Reichel Ramey, 1987). As with all investigation in the social world, the framework itself forms part of the agenda for negotiation to be scrutinized and tested, reviewed and reformed as a result of investigation (Guba Lincoln, 1989)1. Although many of the researcher view the Conceptual and Theoritical framework as a synonymous and some cast it into research with slight difference. Most researches report the problem statement within the context of a conceptual or theoretical framework. A description of this framework contributes to a research report in at least two ways because it (1) identifies research variables, and (2) clarifies relationships among the variables. Linked to the problem statement, the conceptual framework sets the stage for presentation of the specific research question that drives the investigation being reported. For example, the conceptual framework and research question would be different for a formative evaluation study than for a summative study, even though their variables might be similar.2 In this way literature survey is found in different dimensions as: Power, Empowerment and Womens Empowerment Participation of Women embodied in the Process of Empowerment Womens empowerment programmes and Economic Empowerment Power, Empowerment and Womens Empowerment At the core of the concept of empowerment is the idea of power. The possibility of empowerment depends on two things viz., power can change and power can expand. If power cannot change, if it is inherent in positions or people, then empowerment is not possible. Shrilatha Batliwala (1995) defined Power as control over resources, ideology and self, exersized in socio Political and Economic Context among individuals and groups. The extent of power depends on how much and how many kind of resources they have, excess to and control over. This leads to power of decision making. Jo Rowland (1997) has identified four different forms of power viz., (1) Power over Control and influence over others, instrumentation of domination, (2) Power to- generative or productive power which creates new possibilities and actions without domination. (3) Power with- a sense of whole being greater than the sum of the individuals especially when group tackles problem together. (4) Power from within- The spiri tual strength and uniqueness that resides in each one of us and makes us truly human. The concept of empowerment is a product of early eighties; it has its grounding in the changes in development thinking of the mid-1970s. The dictionary meaning of the word empowerment is-to give power to (person/group) to give them capacity to perform physical or mental activity, to delegate authority, to give legal rights.3 Rapport (1987) describes the term empowerment as both individual determination over ones own life and democratic participation in the life of ones community often through mediating structures such as neighborhoods, voluntary organizations etc. Staples (1990) defined the term empowerment as means (a) to gain power (b) to develop power; to take or seize power; (c) to facilitate or enable power and (d) to give or grant or permit power. One of the most detailed attempts at defining empowerment is found in Kabeer (1999). Defining empowerment as the ability to make choices, Kabeer contends that the definition entails change, in that only previously disempowered members of society can be empowered. He suggested that empowerment consists of three dimensions viz., resources, agency and achievements. Sunita Roy (1999) reported that empowerment of women should focus on aspects like (a) direct involvement of women in programming and management, (b) effective collaboration with community organizations, (c) organizing and strengthening of womens self-help groups, (d) sensitization and advocacy for gender justice in society, (e) identifying womens need and priorities while generating employment, (f) organizing women in different groups to undertake certain productive activities to earn their livelihood and (g) elimination of violence and discrimination against women at physical, mental, domestic or societal level. Many researchers have stressed the importance of considering the empowerment in multiple domains (Isvan 1991; Kishor 1995; 2000; Hashemi et al. 1996; Mason 1998; Malhotra and Mather 1997; Jejeebhoy 2000; Beegle, Frankenberg, and Thomas (2001); M alhotra et al. 2002). For instance, Malhotra and Mather (1997) argue that: power is multilocational and exists in multiple domainsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it is important that any discussion regarding [empowerment] specify whether this is within the family, social or political spheres, and whether the locus of control is within the household or the community4 (p. 604). Malhotra et al. (2002) suggested: womens empowerment needs to occur along the following dimensions: economic, socio-cultural, familial/interpersonal, legal, political, and psychological. However, these dimensions are very broad in scope, and within each dimension, there is a range of sub-domains within which women may be empowered.5 Empowerment is viewed broadly as increasing poor peoples freedom of choice and action to shape their own lives (Narayan 2005, p.4). Participation of Women embodied in the Process of Empowerment Women have played an important part in our social life and in our history in every branch of national activity from high learning to velour on the battlefield. Today, we pass rapidly through various phases of transition, which requires the rapid changes in our old foundations. The Indian woman, the majority that is, lives in her own time, in the rhythm, of her own history, which does not quite keep time with the clocks of the 21 century. Womens participation in the revolutionary movement (Mehta, 2004) was significant even when they were deprived of basic human rights in mens world. The list of women in India who contributed to the movement for equality is enormous. To name just a few, Sarojini Naidu, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Vijaylaxmi Pundit, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur took up the fight on several fronts. (Jha and poojary, 1998)6 In general, Empowerment is a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives. It is a process that fosters power (that is, the capacity to implement) in people, for use in their own lives, their communities, and in their society, by acting on issues that they define as important. Keller and Mbwewe (1991, as cited in Rowlands 1995) describe it as a process whereby women become able to organize themselves to increase their own self-reliance, to assert their independent right to make choices and to control resources which will assist in challenging and eliminating their own subordination. Batliwala (1993) defines power as having two central aspects control over resources (physical, human, intellectual, financial, and the self), and control over ideology (beliefs, values and attitudes). If power means control, then empowerment therefore is the process of gaining control. Kabeer(1999; 437)., in an influential paper, suggests that empowermentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦refers to the process by which those who have been denied the ability to make strategic life choices acquire such an ability. Women should be able to define self-interest and choice, and consider themselves as not only able but also entitled to make choices (A. Sen 1999; G. Sen 1993; Kabeer 2001; Rowlands 1995; Nussbaum 2000; Chen 1992). Kabeer (2001) goes a step further and describes this process in terms of thinking outside the system and challenging the status quo. Sudharani et al. (2000) defined empowerment as the process of challenging existing power relations and gaining greater control over the sources of power. Empowerment is a process of awareness and capacity building, enhancing an individuals or group capacity to make effective choices, that is, to make choices and then to transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes (Alsop, Bertelsen and Holland, 2006, p.10). Shirin M. Rai et.al (2007) argued, while the local is important as a focus for debates on empowerment, we think the local must be embedded in the global and the national and vice versa. They argued that: (1) empowerment may be sequential, (2) gender balance alone cannot be the process or outcome in a world ridden with poverty and class inequality, (3) we should use the empowerment language, but contest the way it has been neutralized and even abused. Womens empowerment programmes and Economic Empowerment Even though outside work for women often means a double burden, the empirical evidence supports the notion that access to work increases a womans economic independence and with it a greater level of general independence is created.7 According to Hall(1992) economic subordination must be neutralized for women to be empowered. The economic component of empowerment requires that women be able to engage in a productive activity that will allow them some degree of financial autonomy, no matter how small and hard to obtain at the beginning.8 The World Banks Action Plan to achieve economic empowerment through Smart Economics, for example, targets four key markets: land, labor, product, and financial and measures this through policy initiatives to make markets work for women as well as agency initiatives to empowerment women to compete in markets. A prerequisite to empowerment, therefore, necessitates stepping outside the home and participating in some form of collective undertaking that can be successful, thus developing a sense of independence and competence among the women.9 Priority should be given to women in the allocation of work in such a way that at least one-third of the beneficiaries shall be women. [Schedule II, Para 6, NREGA]. The National Commission for Women (NCW), set up in 1992, has a mandate to safeguard the rights and interests of women. Universalisation of ICDS was contemplated by the end of 1995-96 through expanding its services all over the country. Sanjukta Chaudhuri (2010), in her paper Womens Empowerment in South Asia and South East Asia: A Comparative Analysis contributed to the literature on womens empowerment by exploring the time and birth cohort trends of womens empowerment in eight countries of South Asia and South East Asia. The countries included are Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan of South Asia; Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam of South East Asia. Initially, she estimated the relationship between economic developmen t and female labor force participation rate FLFPR (the U curve)10 using data on 172 countries from 1990 2007. She further examined the influence of time on womens empowerment and performed a series of multiple regressions on six measures of womens empowerment variables separately for the eight countries, using individual level survey data for each country. The indicators of womens empowerment were: economic participation, educational attainment, wage work, fertility, female to male sex ratio of living children, and the ratio of ideal number of daughters to sons. In Rajasthan, Jan Chetna Sansthan have promoted Ekal Naari Shakti Sangathan in Abu Road block, Sirohi in order to help widows and single and separated women It works to ensure a rightful living for single women and addressing their problems. It also works towards getting them widow pension and other benefits under any government schemes. Deepshikha Mahila Bal Utthan Samiti came in to being in the year 1980, with the idea of promoting Welfare Policing Activities. 1.3.1 Gender equity, equality and inequality Gender equality is considered an important issue for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) because gender inequality is an obstacle to progress, a roadblock on the path of human development (UNDP, 2002, pp.6). Pradhan (2003) discusses the need to bring gender equality where men and women are considered equal in every sphere of life because .if you empower a woman, you empower her children, her community and her country (Pradhan, 2003, pp.51-57). Gender inequality can result in disadvantages and differentials for females in terms of life expectancy and children.s nutrition, denial of choice, lack of political representation, and lack of empowerment (Kabeer, 1999). Sen (2001) notes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦inequality between women and men can take very many different forms. Indeed, gender inequality is not one homogeneous phenomenon, but a collection of disparate and interlinked problems. Sen enumerates seven types of gender inequality, including mortality, basic facility, special oppor tunity, professional, ownership, and household inequality. In order to develop economy and increased participation of women, Government addressed the problem related to women and initiate to remove inefficiency through implementing various programmes like, Awareness Generation Projects for Rural and Poor Women, CSWB Scheme, Develpoment of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Family Benefits Scheme, Kishori Shakti Yojana, NORAD Scheme, Scheme for working Women Hostels, Swa Shakti Project, Swayamsidha Scheme, Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP), Science and Technology for Women and so on. Empirical Framework for Research Relevant research studies conducted in the past has great relevance for new research work and is a helpful tool to conduct research more precisely. Empirical framework for research underlines the derived results from experiment and observations rather than theory. This is categorized into following subheads: Impact of Participation of women in Womens Empowerment Programmes Evaluation and analysis of Womens Empowerment Programmes Constraints experienced by rural women in Empowerment process Impact of Participation of women in Womens Empowerment Programmes Hashemi et al (1996) undertook ethnographic research in six villages for four years to measure the effects of programmes on the empowerment of women. Two villages were Grameen Bank villages, two were BRAC villages, and the other two had no credit programmes. They used a model based on eight indicators of empowerment which were: mobility; economic security; ability to make small purchases; ability to make larger purchases; involvement in major household decisions; relative freedom from domination within the family; political and legal awareness; and involvement in political campaigning and protests Srilatha et al. (1997) observed that a major gain of making the programme of SHGs women centred was that the transition of power from the bureaucracy to the people. Sen (1997) based on a case study in India, stressed the importance of empowerment of an individual in order to gain control over assets. Haimanti Mukhopadhyay (2008) studied the role of education in Women Empowerment in the district of Malda, West Bengal, India. Her Exhaustive survey comprising forty two villages, tried to unearth the status of women, attitude towards girls education in society, problems hindering the education of women, the importance of marriage in womens life affecting education as well as the empowerment of women. During the survey, she felt that there was a very positive change at least among women in Malda district who are much more concerned about their daughters education, as compared to their previous generation. The WHOs (2008) Tackling Social and Economic Determinants of Health through Womens E mpowerment: The SEWA case study experienced the SEWA as a social movement and a programme that aims to empower the poor must be prepared to listen to the poor. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) noted that in implementing gender policies in development, it was time to move from treating the symptoms of gender inequality to address the structural factors that cause it. Women empowerment programmes made it possible to increase empowerment with increased participation of women. Clark et al. (1991) explored the impact of culture on female labor force participation in 135 countries for 1980. They use a combination of religion, political ideology, and world region variables to find evidence supporting the importance of culture in explaining womens labor force participation. Throughout the developing countries, innovative lending programs have emerged and In many of these programs it is common to find that a large percentage of borrowers are women. Based on a 1996 survey of microfinance institution around the world, the World Bank estimated that 61% of all clients were women (World Bank, 1997). 2.1.1 SHG and Microfinance Self Help Group (SHG) is a voluntary association formed for the purpose of engaging small enterprise. To form this organization, it requires a minimum of twelve individuals. K.C. Sharma (2001) maintained that through SHGs women empowerment is taking place. Rekha R. Baonkar [2001] studied the impact of SHGs on women in Goa and observed that individual loans were mostly for productive purposes with cent percent recovery. P.K.Awasthi, Deepak Rathi and Vimla Sahu [2001] in their study in Madhya Pradesh on the impact of SHGs on economic status of women observed that the SHG women were engaged in Mahua, mushroom cultivation, amachur papad making, pisciculture, nursery etc. An interesting study made by M.C. Athavale, K.G Sharma and A.M. Mishra [2001] in Madhya Pradesh under the leadership of Anganwardi worker, on the working of a particular SHG called Yoshoda Mahila Samithi(YMS) has helped the members to do saving and get loan. The repayment was 100%. Rajasekar D [2003] analyzed the impact of the economic programmes of SHARE, a NGO in Tamil Nadu on poverty reduction with the help of data collected from the households of 84 women members. Kabeer(2005) examined the empirical evidence on the impact of microfinance with respect to poverty reduction and the empowerment of poor women in South Asia. Prem Chander Vanguri (2007) highlighted the impact of microfinance programmes on womens empowerment in India. They compared Swashakti, Swayamsiddha, Swaran Jayanti Gramin Rojgar Yojana (SJGRY) and Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) micro finance programmes for facilitating rural poor women in their access to micro credit. Evaluation and analysis of Womens Empowerment Programmes Pandey conducted a study to assess the impact of Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK). This study is based in the state of Maharashtra and was conducted to examine whether the RMK has been able to achieve its main objectives of reaching credit to poor women, enabling women to achieve economic independence and becoming aware about credit facilities and management. M.S. Jairath [2001] analyzed the growth and development of SHGs in Rajasthan taking two categories: (1) resource poor tribal; and (2) resource better of non-tribal. It was arrived that the average membership, rate of interest, size of borrowings were higher in the former, but the average amount of saving was higher with the latter. Deshmukh Ranadive (2002), in his study on Womens Access to Credit and Rural Micro-Finance in India has addressed issues related to data in the context of micro-finance interventions in rural areas. The vertical approach has shown how the data that has been collected, throws light on the different dimension s of the programme and the participants. NPC (2005) analyzed gender development in India in the context of interstate analysis with the help of state rankings on the basis of calculating the average of the standard values of the 52 criteria indicators. Dwarakanath H.D [2002] analyzed the characteristics and growth of self help groups in Andhra Pradesh and found that the SHGs using the loan facilities from the cooperative credit banks, commercial banks, mahila bank and Maheswaran banks, have produced more than 50 varieties of products. Abdul Hayes, Ruhul Amin and Stan Becker [1998] analyzed the relationship between poor womens participation in micro credit programmes and their empowerment by taking both SHG and non-SHG members in rural Bangladesh. Rajasthan Microfinance Report-2010 revealed that Good quality Self Help Groups create mutual trust and a sense of solidarity among members. This raises their confidence to deal with socio-economic problems of their family and their village, all by themselves. Women empowerment can further be boosted by promoting four ideologies, which can be taken as indicators of success a) Zero tolerance of domestic violence in families of all SHG members in Rajasthan; b) 100% girl child enrolment in educational institutions in families of all SHG members; c) 100% institutional infant delivery; d) 50% participation of women SHG members at village development committees . Milestones should be set for every year in order to achieve the stated objectives while progress should be tracked by measuring the indicators. In Rajasthan Womens Development Programme (WDP), conceived in 1984 when the idea of rural illiterate women mobilizing collectively was unthinkable. And yet, the programme enabled the evolution of womens collectives under the leadership of the Sathin, the grass root worker at village level, working tirelessly on a meagre monthly honorarium of Rs 350. The strength of the Sathins and these collectives was derived from the support structures provided by the partnership between the government and the voluntary agency arm of the programme IDARA (Information and Development and Resource Agency), with its primary role of training and providing creative and critical inputs. Constraints experienced by rural women in Empowerment process During the eighteenth century women suffered from several handicaps like female infanticide, sati (Sharma,1988), purdah (Mathur 2004), child marriage, illiteracy and subsequently forced child widowhood in the19th century. Women were treated no better than domestic animals. Moved by this extreme plight, great social reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Iswarchandra Vidyasagar, Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Swami Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, M.G. Ranade, D.K.Karve and Mahatma Gandhi were in the forefront, fighting against social atrocities toward women (Jha and Pujari, 1998).11 Sing K.P (2004) says that among women who were working out of utter economic necessity, the majority were dissatisfied with the time they spend with their children and the time they allocate to their home 57 percent of working women have alternate arrangements for their children either a mother or a mother-in law or a maid to look after their children. Beckers (2005) model of effort allocation implies that an hour of a mans time produces more of value to an employer than an hour of equally skilled and experienced women who has greater responsibilities. This in true influences both employers treatment of equally capable male and female employees and workers subsequent decisions about investing time and energy in household versus market-work. The model implies that small initial disadvantages faced by women in the work-place can lead to extreme results in the division of labour in the household, occupational segregation and earning difference. Footnotes Smyth, R. (2004). Exploring the usefulness of a conceptual framework as a research tool: A researchers reflections. Issues In Educational Research, 14(2), 167-180. McGaghie, William C.; Bordage, Georges; Shea, Judy A., Problem Statement, Conceptual Framework, and Research Question September 2001 Volume 76 Issue 9 p 923. Banerjee NK, Grassroot empowerment (1975-1990) : A discussion paper, Occasional paper No.2, CWDS, New Delhi, 1995, p.2. Malhotra, A. and M. Mather. 1997. Do Schooling and Work Empower Women in Developing Countries? Gender and Domestic Decisions in Sri Lanka. Sociological Forum 12(4), p. 604. Malhotra, A., Schuler, S. R. and Boender, C. (2002) Measuring Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development (Washington, DC, The World Bank), p. 13; Haimanti Mukhopadhyay, The Role of Education in the Empowerment of Women in a District of West Bengal, India: Reflections on a Survey of Women , Journal of International Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Studies Vol. 10 #2 November 2008, P. 218. Women, Education and Empowerment: Pathways towards Autonomy, Report of the International Seminar held at UIE, Hamburg, 27 January 2 February 1993, edited by Carolyn Medel-Anonuevo,UIE(UNESCO Institute for Education) Studies 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1995, Robert Seemann u Neumann p.15 Ibid., p.15 Women, Education and Empowerment: Pathways towards Autonomy, Report of the International Seminar held at UIE, Hamburg, 27 January 2 February 1993, edited by Carolyn Medel-Anonuevo,UIE(UNESCO Institute for Education) Studies 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1995, Robert Seemann u Neumann p.16. Results confirm the existence and upward shifting position of the U curve. Hence, the U curve estimates suggests that there is a time element involved in womens empowerment. Dr. Sanjukta Chaudhuri, December, 2009, Economic Development and Womens Empowerment, from http://people.uwec.edu/chaudhs/PDFS/Chaudhuri%20Economic%20Development%20and%20Womens%20Empowerment.pdf Haimanti Mukhopadhyay, The Role of Education in the Empowerment of Women in a District of West Bengal, India: Reflections on a Survey of Women , Journal of International Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s Studies Vol. 10 #2 November 2008, P. 217.

Top Down Listening Activities

Top Down Listening Activities Listening skill is a part of learning English language you must practice for improving your listening over time. The teaching listening skill is the most difficult. because the students are acquired every time and lots of practice. It is not learning in my class. What is the best Strategies for learning Listening skills. There are many activities of listening for my students. I try to tell my students you should be more hearer and be able apply Strategies to listening skills such as, watching the news on the television, listening a news on the radio or listening news from an English radio station , talking about the news with a friend ,get a film and listen to speech . It is one way communication I cannot check all understanding. The two way communications are the students focus on a teacher or native speaker. I would like to suggest a teaching Listening Strategies because Listening Strategies are activities that help understand and remember of listening. I help my students develop a listening skill with a Bottom up and Top down strategies. Top-down listening activities Do you ever get your students to predict the content of a listening activity beforehand, maybe using information about the topic or situation, pictures, or key words? If so, you are already helping them to develop their top-down processing skills, by encouraging them to use their knowledge of the topic to help them understand the content. This is an essential skill given that, in a real-life listening situation, even advanced learners are likely to come across some unknown vocabulary. By using their knowledge of context and co-text, they should either be able to guess the meaning of the unknown word, or understand the general idea without getting distracted by it. Other examples of common top-down listening activities include putting a series of pictures or sequence of events in order, listening to conversations and identifying where they take place, reading information about a topic then listening to find whether or not the same points are mentioned, or inferring the relationships between the people involved. Mary Underwood (1989). In my opinion, it is the best way for teaching listening English skills. I teach a Top down listening skills which I produce the following pictures. The topic : so, what are you going to do now? Firstly, I give them a question. Then listening to the dialogues. After that choose the correct sentences. Finally, my students present in the classroom. The Effectiveness: The students have to be able to hear what the other person is saying and easy to understand in the listening because they try just on only the main idea that they want to know from the question I gave. Like, they have the purpose on listening in each topic. Summary, Listening is one is way in communicative so if we listen in the right way is the best way to understanding what we are hearing. Listening teaching is them very important for student so teach them how to listen in the correct method step by step I think it is a good activity for listening because it is a guide for listening. my student like Top-down listening activities. I teach a Top down listening skill with a song. I give the information to guide for the teaching. The teaching listening skill from a song .There are many thinks in the song for example, vocabulary ,tense and a sentence. It is a challenge for my teaching and this one need innovation and creative for my teaching English because it not boring There are four stages for teach of song. The first, the pre listening. I tell my students they dont worry that they understand every word they hare. In the sentence you must understand for some word and I make sure my students know what they are listening for before I start the song. First, I explain they should concentrate only information they need. Next, I give a question to check my student comprehension of the details. Then, I check for any word that my students may not know. Finally, I select a song it isnt a difficult and not a long. While listening. There are three stages. The first , I play the tape of the song wall in your heart for my students in two time. The second, I tell my student take to note about people or place and what is happening in the song and what, when, why, where and how that they hear. The third, I divide my students in pair. Give a fill in the blanks to complete the song and my student listen again check and share their answers. Post listening, I tell my students to write a meaning and to make a list a new vocabulary of the wall in your heart song and compare their answers and discuss what they understood in the song. and practice a song. I open the song again and tell my students to call out stop when they hear the answers. I and my student sing a song WALL IN YOUR HEART together. The Effectiveness. My students have to be able hear what the song ,understand and happiness with a teaching listening skills. Summary, I am very happy for a teaching listening skills from a song. I saw my students happy and like strategies teaching listening skills of the song. Bottom-up listening activities The emphasis in EFL listening materials in recent years has been on developing top-down listening processes. There are good reasons for this given that learners need to be able to listen effectively even when faced with unfamiliar vocabulary or structures. However, if the learner understands very few words from the incoming signal, even knowledge about the context may not be sufficient for her to understand what is happening, and she can easily get lost. Of course, low-level learners may simply not have enough vocabulary or knowledge of the language yet, but most teachers will be familiar with the situation in which higher-level students fail to recognize known words in the stream of fast connected speech. Bottom-up listening activities can help learners to understand enough linguistic elements of what they hear to then be able to use their top-down skills to fill in the gaps. Underwood (1989). In my opinion, it is a one of a good strategies. I would like present a teaching for a bottom-up. Activity I I designed to help a remember the dividing between word an important bottom up a listening skill. I reads out number of a sentences and ark my students to write down how many words from a easy listening. A student asked to compare their answers in pairs before listening again to check. While listening they should write what they hear before remodeling the complete sentences. Some suitable sentences are : I am going to the market. What dose she do? What are you doing. Do you want some milk ? Can you tell me call? It is nice to meet you. May I help you. I paint picture of New York. They watch comedies He doesnt like it. What have you got ? Id better go soon. There isnt any coffee Let s have a party. The Effectiveness. My students have to be able hear what the listening are a sentence , understand and rebuilding a sentences. Summary, I think my students dont like a teaching listening skills from a bottom up strategies. Reflection Q1: How important is listening? My student just want to speak. My students give opinion Suprada said that : Listening is very important for learning language. When you unable listening you cannot success for conversation. Somchai said that : The listening is important in the learning. Q2: My student hate listening to recording. Is there an acceptable alternative such as reading the transcripts to them aloud. When I taught a listening skill. There are many problem to listening from the recording. I asks my students. Nattaveeranuch said that : I want to listen to the music. I like it because everybody enjoy with a song. Suriya said that : I like listen a news and a music from TV. Chanel Poramase said that : I like listen to native speaker. I like talking with AJ. David. I am very happy when he understand me. Q3: When I do a listening activity in class, the students get frustrated if they cant understand every word. How can discourage them from trying to do this? I would like to tell my student dont worry because it is the second language. You can try listen to a news or a music from radio for a few minute everyday. Q4: My students say that they like listening to songs, but I am not sure that this is a good idea. Should I let them, and, if so, is there an effective way of using song? There are many effective of using a song .My student know a new vocabulary and a sentence. Q5: My course book listening texts sound a bit stilted and unnatural. Is there a good reason for this, and is there a viable alternation? There are many alternation for example, Teaching from song , see the sound tact and a listen to native speaker. Q6: My student complain that they can understand recordings is the classroom, but that they have problems understanding real people when they talk to them. How can I help them with this? Active Listening Steps Make eye contact/Follow speaker Look the speaker in the eyes. When the speaker is addressing a large group (e.g., during a lecture or presentation), eye contact will not be possible. In this case, follow the speakers movements.   Summarize what the speaker is saying Summarize every few sentences by stating the main ideas. Take notes, if this is helpful. Make connections Link what you are hearing to what you already know. Ask and answer questions Check your understanding of what youre hearing by asking questions about what you are hearing. If you can answer the questions, you understand the material. If you cant answer the questions, you need to ask the speaker for help.